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Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) is the sum of the resistance of all peripheral vasculatur in the systemic circulation.  This should not be confused with Pulmonary Vascular Resistance, which is the resistance in the pulmonary circulation.  Vascular resistance is a term used to define the resistance to flow that must be overcome to push blood through the circulatory system.  The resistance offered by the peripheral circulation is known as the systemic vascular resistance (SVR), while the resistance offered by the vasculature of the lungs is known as the pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR).  The systemic vascular resistance may also be referred to as the total peripheral resistance.  Vasoconstriction (i.e., decrease in blood vessel diameter) increases SVR, whereas vasodilation (increase in diameter) decreases SVR. Normal Range (0.327 - 0.937) Levels : If the vascular resistance readings are high, indicates a risk for strokes, heart attacks, heart failu...

Blood Lipids (or blood fats) are lipids in the blood, either free or bound to other molecules.  They are mostly transported in a protein capsule, and the density of the lipids and type of protein determines the fate of the particle and its influence on metabolism.  The concentration of blood lipids depends on intake and excretion from the intestine, and uptake and secretion from cells.  Blood lipids are mainly fatty acids and cholesterol.  Hyperlipidemia is the presence of elevated or abnormal levels of lipids and /or lipoproteins in the blood, and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Normal Range (0.481 - 1.043) Levels : If the blood lipids readings are high, it can indicate a higher risk for cardiovascular disease. If the blood lipids readings are low, there is a link with depression, cancer and cerebral hemorrhage. Management : Maintaining healthy blood lipids involves the same recommendations as indicated for cholesterol and blood vi...

Cholesterol Crystals, as cholesterol builds up along the wall of an artery, it crystallizes from a liquid to a solid state and then expands.  When the cholesterol crystallizes, two things can happen.  If it’s a big pool of cholesterol, it will expand, causing the “cap’ of the deposit to tear off in the arterial wall.  Or the crystals, which are sharp needle-like structures, pole their way through the cap covering the cholesterol deposit.  The crystals then work their way into the bloodstream.  It is the presence of this material, as well as damage to an artery, that disrupts plaque and puts the body’s natural defense mechanism - clotting - into action, which can lead to dangerous, if not fatal clots.  Cholesterol in moderation is healthy and necessary for life. Normal Range (56.749 - 67.522) Levels : If the cholesterol crystal readings are high, it can indicate a higher risk for hypertension and stroke. If the cholesterol crystal readings are lo...

Blood Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of blood to flow. It can also be described as the thickness and stickiness of blood.  The viscosity of health blood is low, permitting it to flow freely.  The condition of the blood is affected by excess cholesterol and fat, which, together with various waste products due mainly to wrong diet, circulate in the bloodstream like sludge and gradually deposit in the artery walls.  Fat causes the red cells to aggregate or clump together, seriously reducing their oxygen carrying capacity.  Tiny particles called platelets whose function is to clot the blood in the event of an injury, also stick together.  The effect of this clumping is to increase the blood viscosity; it becomes thick and sluggish and cannot flow freely, particularly in constricted vessels.  This often causes drowsiness after heavy meals or perhaps angina or heart attack.  Angina pain is frequently mistaken for indigestion.  When red cel...